Phương pháp học tiếng Anh hiệu quả (P.2): từ điển phải tốt

Example sentences are English sentences which contain the word. Some dictionaries give them after the definition of a word. In an English dictionary, example sentences are even more important than definitions. A definition does one job: it tells you what a word means. Example sentences, on the other hand, perform at least three tasks:

 

Understanding meanings

After reading the definition of a word, you can read the example sentences which contain the word. If you can understand them, you know you’ve understood the definition correctly. For example, it is nice to read that surpass means “to go beyond in amount, quality or degree”, but it is even nicer to see an example:

“The results surpassed all our expectations.”

You’ll probably agree that after seeing the sentence, the meaning of the word surpass becomes much clearer and easier to remember.

Sometimes a definition is so complicated that the example sentences are your only hope. Consider this definition:

“That part or proportion consists of that thing”? Yeah, whatever. Let’s see the example sentence, which makes things a lot clearer:

Grammar and usage

A definition tells you what a word means, i.e. it helps you understand the word when you see it. However, the meaning is only half of the picture. In language, there are not only meanings, but also grammar and collocations. Some words simply “go with” other words.

Such information is often not found in the definition, and you need to read the example sentences to learn how to connect a word with other words to produce correct sentences.

But — you might say — most dictionaries for English learners include grammar/usage information in the definitions. You would be right, of course. For example, the entry for suffer might include the label +from; or major might be labeled with something like ADJ + N to show that the adjective must come before a noun.

However, such “codes” can be tricky to interpret. A person who only knows that suffer means “to feel pain” and goes with the preposition from may produce the perfectly logical sentence “I suffer from doing homework” rather than “I suffer when I have to do homework”. It is also easier to remember one or two example phrases (e.g. major problem, to play a major role) than to remember the abstract rule that “major has to be followed by a noun”.

Brain programming

When you speak your native language, you don’t have to think about grammar rules to produce a sentence; phrases just appear in your mind and they are all correct. You don’t have to be especially intelligent or have an exceptionally good memory to speak your native language without mistakes.

This is possible because the brain contains a special language module. The module collects sentences from your environment, and imitates them and re-combines them to produce new sentences. This is exactly how you learned to speak as a child: you listened to your parents and other people around you, and then you were able to imitate those sentences.

You learn a foreign language in the same way. As you hear (or read) more and more correct English sentences, your language module gets more and more information, and you can express more and more in English. Antimoon calles this learning by input. Stephen Krashen calls it the Natural Method.

Now you see why it is a good idea to read the example sentences when you look up a word in a dictionary. For each sentence you read, there is a good chance that it will appear in your head when you need it, and that you will be able to re-use it (or part of it) to produce your own correct sentence.

One more example

We have said that example sentences give important grammar/usage information and program your brain to produce its own sentences. Let’s see one more example of how this works.

Suppose we look up the word shroud in a dictionary and find this definition:

[Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture]

Great, so now we know what shroud means. It means “to cover and hide”. We even know that we usually use shroudin. But can we really use the word shroud, i.e. can we make our own sentences with it? in the passive voice with the preposition

For example, you could say “I was hidden in the corner” — but would it be OK to say “I was shrouded in the corner”? Or, you could say that “The street was covered in darkness” — but could you say “The street was shrouded in darkness” instead?

Well, we don’t know that. All we know is, shroud is probably NOT used in the same way as cover and hide, but the definition does not say in what situations (contexts) it IS used. So after seeing the definition, we know what shroudwe still can’t do anything useful with it. means, but

Now let’s read the definition with example sentences:

What do these examples tell us? They tell us many things:

With this information, you are finally prepared to use the word shroud in speaking or writing. For example, you can imitate the example sentences and say “The negotiations are shrouded in mystery” or “The street was shrouded in fog”. This imitation can happen consciously (if you look at the examples while writing your own sentence) or in the magical “learning by input” way (if, say, in a week, you’re writing a composition and the phrase “shrouded in something” appears in your head because you have seen the phrase before in the example sentences).

Final advice